1 files changed, 433 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/embassy-executor/src/executor/raw/mod.rs b/embassy-executor/src/executor/raw/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87317bc02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/embassy-executor/src/executor/raw/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+//! Raw executor.
+//!
+//! This module exposes "raw" Executor and Task structs for more low level control.
+//!
+//! ## WARNING: here be dragons!
+//!
+//! Using this module requires respecting subtle safety contracts. If you can, prefer using the safe
+//! executor wrappers in [`executor`](crate::executor) and the [`embassy_executor::task`](embassy_macros::task) macro, which are fully safe.
+
+mod run_queue;
+#[cfg(feature = "time")]
+mod timer_queue;
+pub(crate) mod util;
+mod waker;
+
+use core::cell::Cell;
+use core::future::Future;
+use core::pin::Pin;
+use core::ptr::NonNull;
+use core::task::{Context, Poll};
+use core::{mem, ptr};
+
+use atomic_polyfill::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
+use critical_section::CriticalSection;
+
+use self::run_queue::{RunQueue, RunQueueItem};
+use self::util::UninitCell;
+pub use self::waker::task_from_waker;
+use super::SpawnToken;
+#[cfg(feature = "time")]
+use crate::time::driver::{self, AlarmHandle};
+#[cfg(feature = "time")]
+use crate::time::Instant;
+
+/// Task is spawned (has a future)
+pub(crate) const STATE_SPAWNED: u32 = 1 << 0;
+/// Task is in the executor run queue
+pub(crate) const STATE_RUN_QUEUED: u32 = 1 << 1;
+/// Task is in the executor timer queue
+#[cfg(feature = "time")]
+pub(crate) const STATE_TIMER_QUEUED: u32 = 1 << 2;
+
+/// Raw task header for use in task pointers.
+///
+/// This is an opaque struct, used for raw pointers to tasks, for use
+/// with funtions like [`wake_task`] and [`task_from_waker`].
+pub struct TaskHeader {
+    pub(crate) state: AtomicU32,
+    pub(crate) run_queue_item: RunQueueItem,
+    pub(crate) executor: Cell<*const Executor>, // Valid if state != 0
+    pub(crate) poll_fn: UninitCell<unsafe fn(NonNull<TaskHeader>)>, // Valid if STATE_SPAWNED
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+    pub(crate) expires_at: Cell<Instant>,
+    #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+    pub(crate) timer_queue_item: timer_queue::TimerQueueItem,
+}
+
+impl TaskHeader {
+    pub(crate) const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            state: AtomicU32::new(0),
+            run_queue_item: RunQueueItem::new(),
+            executor: Cell::new(ptr::null()),
+            poll_fn: UninitCell::uninit(),
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+            expires_at: Cell::new(Instant::from_ticks(0)),
+            #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+            timer_queue_item: timer_queue::TimerQueueItem::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn enqueue(&self) {
+        critical_section::with(|cs| {
+            let state = self.state.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+            // If already scheduled, or if not started,
+            if (state & STATE_RUN_QUEUED != 0) || (state & STATE_SPAWNED == 0) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Mark it as scheduled
+            self.state.store(state | STATE_RUN_QUEUED, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+            // We have just marked the task as scheduled, so enqueue it.
+            let executor = &*self.executor.get();
+            executor.enqueue(cs, self as *const TaskHeader as *mut TaskHeader);
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// Raw storage in which a task can be spawned.
+///
+/// This struct holds the necessary memory to spawn one task whose future is `F`.
+/// At a given time, the `TaskStorage` may be in spawned or not-spawned state. You
+/// may spawn it with [`TaskStorage::spawn()`], which will fail if it is already spawned.
+///
+/// A `TaskStorage` must live forever, it may not be deallocated even after the task has finished
+/// running. Hence the relevant methods require `&'static self`. It may be reused, however.
+///
+/// Internally, the [embassy_executor::task](embassy_macros::task) macro allocates an array of `TaskStorage`s
+/// in a `static`. The most common reason to use the raw `Task` is to have control of where
+/// the memory for the task is allocated: on the stack, or on the heap with e.g. `Box::leak`, etc.
+
+// repr(C) is needed to guarantee that the Task is located at offset 0
+// This makes it safe to cast between TaskHeader and TaskStorage pointers.
+#[repr(C)]
+pub struct TaskStorage<F: Future + 'static> {
+    raw: TaskHeader,
+    future: UninitCell<F>, // Valid if STATE_SPAWNED
+}
+
+impl<F: Future + 'static> TaskStorage<F> {
+    const NEW: Self = Self::new();
+
+    /// Create a new TaskStorage, in not-spawned state.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            raw: TaskHeader::new(),
+            future: UninitCell::uninit(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Try to spawn the task.
+    ///
+    /// The `future` closure constructs the future. It's only called if spawning is
+    /// actually possible. It is a closure instead of a simple `future: F` param to ensure
+    /// the future is constructed in-place, avoiding a temporary copy in the stack thanks to
+    /// NRVO optimizations.
+    ///
+    /// This function will fail if the task is already spawned and has not finished running.
+    /// In this case, the error is delayed: a "poisoned" SpawnToken is returned, which will
+    /// cause [`Spawner::spawn()`](super::Spawner::spawn) to return the error.
+    ///
+    /// Once the task has finished running, you may spawn it again. It is allowed to spawn it
+    /// on a different executor.
+    pub fn spawn(&'static self, future: impl FnOnce() -> F) -> SpawnToken<impl Sized> {
+        if self.spawn_mark_used() {
+            return unsafe { SpawnToken::<F>::new(self.spawn_initialize(future)) };
+        }
+
+        SpawnToken::<F>::new_failed()
+    }
+
+    fn spawn_mark_used(&'static self) -> bool {
+        let state = STATE_SPAWNED | STATE_RUN_QUEUED;
+        self.raw
+            .state
+            .compare_exchange(0, state, Ordering::AcqRel, Ordering::Acquire)
+            .is_ok()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn spawn_initialize(&'static self, future: impl FnOnce() -> F) -> NonNull<TaskHeader> {
+        // Initialize the task
+        self.raw.poll_fn.write(Self::poll);
+        self.future.write(future());
+        NonNull::new_unchecked(&self.raw as *const TaskHeader as *mut TaskHeader)
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn poll(p: NonNull<TaskHeader>) {
+        let this = &*(p.as_ptr() as *const TaskStorage<F>);
+
+        let future = Pin::new_unchecked(this.future.as_mut());
+        let waker = waker::from_task(p);
+        let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+        match future.poll(&mut cx) {
+            Poll::Ready(_) => {
+                this.future.drop_in_place();
+                this.raw.state.fetch_and(!STATE_SPAWNED, Ordering::AcqRel);
+            }
+            Poll::Pending => {}
+        }
+
+        // the compiler is emitting a virtual call for waker drop, but we know
+        // it's a noop for our waker.
+        mem::forget(waker);
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<F: Future + 'static> Sync for TaskStorage<F> {}
+
+/// Raw storage that can hold up to N tasks of the same type.
+///
+/// This is essentially a `[TaskStorage<F>; N]`.
+pub struct TaskPool<F: Future + 'static, const N: usize> {
+    pool: [TaskStorage<F>; N],
+}
+
+impl<F: Future + 'static, const N: usize> TaskPool<F, N> {
+    /// Create a new TaskPool, with all tasks in non-spawned state.
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            pool: [TaskStorage::NEW; N],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Try to spawn a task in the pool.
+    ///
+    /// See [`TaskStorage::spawn()`] for details.
+    ///
+    /// This will loop over the pool and spawn the task in the first storage that
+    /// is currently free. If none is free, a "poisoned" SpawnToken is returned,
+    /// which will cause [`Spawner::spawn()`](super::Spawner::spawn) to return the error.
+    pub fn spawn(&'static self, future: impl FnOnce() -> F) -> SpawnToken<impl Sized> {
+        for task in &self.pool {
+            if task.spawn_mark_used() {
+                return unsafe { SpawnToken::<F>::new(task.spawn_initialize(future)) };
+            }
+        }
+
+        SpawnToken::<F>::new_failed()
+    }
+
+    /// Like spawn(), but allows the task to be send-spawned if the args are Send even if
+    /// the future is !Send.
+    ///
+    /// Not covered by semver guarantees. DO NOT call this directly. Intended to be used
+    /// by the Embassy macros ONLY.
+    ///
+    /// SAFETY: `future` must be a closure of the form `move || my_async_fn(args)`, where `my_async_fn`
+    /// is an `async fn`, NOT a hand-written `Future`.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub unsafe fn _spawn_async_fn<FutFn>(&'static self, future: FutFn) -> SpawnToken<impl Sized>
+    where
+        FutFn: FnOnce() -> F,
+    {
+        // When send-spawning a task, we construct the future in this thread, and effectively
+        // "send" it to the executor thread by enqueuing it in its queue. Therefore, in theory,
+        // send-spawning should require the future `F` to be `Send`.
+        //
+        // The problem is this is more restrictive than needed. Once the future is executing,
+        // it is never sent to another thread. It is only sent when spawning. It should be
+        // enough for the task's arguments to be Send. (and in practice it's super easy to
+        // accidentally make your futures !Send, for example by holding an `Rc` or a `&RefCell` across an `.await`.)
+        //
+        // We can do it by sending the task args and constructing the future in the executor thread
+        // on first poll. However, this cannot be done in-place, so it'll waste stack space for a copy
+        // of the args.
+        //
+        // Luckily, an `async fn` future contains just the args when freshly constructed. So, if the
+        // args are Send, it's OK to send a !Send future, as long as we do it before first polling it.
+        //
+        // (Note: this is how the generators are implemented today, it's not officially guaranteed yet,
+        // but it's possible it'll be guaranteed in the future. See zulip thread:
+        // https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/187312-wg-async/topic/.22only.20before.20poll.22.20Send.20futures )
+        //
+        // The `FutFn` captures all the args, so if it's Send, the task can be send-spawned.
+        // This is why we return `SpawnToken<FutFn>` below.
+        //
+        // This ONLY holds for `async fn` futures. The other `spawn` methods can be called directly
+        // by the user, with arbitrary hand-implemented futures. This is why these return `SpawnToken<F>`.
+
+        for task in &self.pool {
+            if task.spawn_mark_used() {
+                return SpawnToken::<FutFn>::new(task.spawn_initialize(future));
+            }
+        }
+
+        SpawnToken::<FutFn>::new_failed()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Raw executor.
+///
+/// This is the core of the Embassy executor. It is low-level, requiring manual
+/// handling of wakeups and task polling. If you can, prefer using one of the
+/// higher level executors in [`crate::executor`].
+///
+/// The raw executor leaves it up to you to handle wakeups and scheduling:
+///
+/// - To get the executor to do work, call `poll()`. This will poll all queued tasks (all tasks
+///   that "want to run").
+/// - You must supply a `signal_fn`. The executor will call it to notify you it has work
+///   to do. You must arrange for `poll()` to be called as soon as possible.
+///
+/// `signal_fn` can be called from *any* context: any thread, any interrupt priority
+/// level, etc. It may be called synchronously from any `Executor` method call as well.
+/// You must deal with this correctly.
+///
+/// In particular, you must NOT call `poll` directly from `signal_fn`, as this violates
+/// the requirement for `poll` to not be called reentrantly.
+pub struct Executor {
+    run_queue: RunQueue,
+    signal_fn: fn(*mut ()),
+    signal_ctx: *mut (),
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+    pub(crate) timer_queue: timer_queue::TimerQueue,
+    #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+    alarm: AlarmHandle,
+}
+
+impl Executor {
+    /// Create a new executor.
+    ///
+    /// When the executor has work to do, it will call `signal_fn` with
+    /// `signal_ctx` as argument.
+    ///
+    /// See [`Executor`] docs for details on `signal_fn`.
+    pub fn new(signal_fn: fn(*mut ()), signal_ctx: *mut ()) -> Self {
+        #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+        let alarm = unsafe { unwrap!(driver::allocate_alarm()) };
+        #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+        driver::set_alarm_callback(alarm, signal_fn, signal_ctx);
+
+        Self {
+            run_queue: RunQueue::new(),
+            signal_fn,
+            signal_ctx,
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+            timer_queue: timer_queue::TimerQueue::new(),
+            #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+            alarm,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Enqueue a task in the task queue
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// - `task` must be a valid pointer to a spawned task.
+    /// - `task` must be set up to run in this executor.
+    /// - `task` must NOT be already enqueued (in this executor or another one).
+    #[inline(always)]
+    unsafe fn enqueue(&self, cs: CriticalSection, task: *mut TaskHeader) {
+        if self.run_queue.enqueue(cs, task) {
+            (self.signal_fn)(self.signal_ctx)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Spawn a task in this executor.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// `task` must be a valid pointer to an initialized but not-already-spawned task.
+    ///
+    /// It is OK to use `unsafe` to call this from a thread that's not the executor thread.
+    /// In this case, the task's Future must be Send. This is because this is effectively
+    /// sending the task to the executor thread.
+    pub(super) unsafe fn spawn(&'static self, task: NonNull<TaskHeader>) {
+        let task = task.as_ref();
+        task.executor.set(self);
+
+        critical_section::with(|cs| {
+            self.enqueue(cs, task as *const _ as _);
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Poll all queued tasks in this executor.
+    ///
+    /// This loops over all tasks that are queued to be polled (i.e. they're
+    /// freshly spawned or they've been woken). Other tasks are not polled.
+    ///
+    /// You must call `poll` after receiving a call to `signal_fn`. It is OK
+    /// to call `poll` even when not requested by `signal_fn`, but it wastes
+    /// energy.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// You must NOT call `poll` reentrantly on the same executor.
+    ///
+    /// In particular, note that `poll` may call `signal_fn` synchronously. Therefore, you
+    /// must NOT directly call `poll()` from your `signal_fn`. Instead, `signal_fn` has to
+    /// somehow schedule for `poll()` to be called later, at a time you know for sure there's
+    /// no `poll()` already running.
+    pub unsafe fn poll(&'static self) {
+        #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+        self.timer_queue.dequeue_expired(Instant::now(), |p| {
+            p.as_ref().enqueue();
+        });
+
+        self.run_queue.dequeue_all(|p| {
+            let task = p.as_ref();
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+            task.expires_at.set(Instant::MAX);
+
+            let state = task.state.fetch_and(!STATE_RUN_QUEUED, Ordering::AcqRel);
+            if state & STATE_SPAWNED == 0 {
+                // If task is not running, ignore it. This can happen in the following scenario:
+                //   - Task gets dequeued, poll starts
+                //   - While task is being polled, it gets woken. It gets placed in the queue.
+                //   - Task poll finishes, returning done=true
+                //   - RUNNING bit is cleared, but the task is already in the queue.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Run the task
+            task.poll_fn.read()(p as _);
+
+            // Enqueue or update into timer_queue
+            #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+            self.timer_queue.update(p);
+        });
+
+        #[cfg(feature = "time")]
+        {
+            // If this is already in the past, set_alarm will immediately trigger the alarm.
+            // This will cause `signal_fn` to be called, which will cause `poll()` to be called again,
+            // so we immediately do another poll loop iteration.
+            let next_expiration = self.timer_queue.next_expiration();
+            driver::set_alarm(self.alarm, next_expiration.as_ticks());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a spawner that spawns tasks in this executor.
+    ///
+    /// It is OK to call this method multiple times to obtain multiple
+    /// `Spawner`s. You may also copy `Spawner`s.
+    pub fn spawner(&'static self) -> super::Spawner {
+        super::Spawner::new(self)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Wake a task by raw pointer.
+///
+/// You can obtain task pointers from `Waker`s using [`task_from_waker`].
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `task` must be a valid task pointer obtained from [`task_from_waker`].
+pub unsafe fn wake_task(task: NonNull<TaskHeader>) {
+    task.as_ref().enqueue();
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "time")]
+pub(crate) unsafe fn register_timer(at: Instant, waker: &core::task::Waker) {
+    let task = waker::task_from_waker(waker);
+    let task = task.as_ref();
+    let expires_at = task.expires_at.get();
+    task.expires_at.set(expires_at.min(at));
+}